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Jane
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Posted: Thu Jun 9th, 2005 05:39 pm |
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FERRITIN ( and anemia)
Ferritin is an iron binding protein as opposed to the inorganic iron which is usually used in iron supplements. It is rapidly absorbed & free of the gastrointestinal side effects frequently found with other iron products. Ferritin does not promote oxidation to the extent of the inorganic irons, nor does it deplete antioxidant defenses.
Iron is a structural component of hemoglobin which carries oxygen to every cell in your body. About 70% of your total body iron is present as hemoglobin, 3% is present in your muscles as myoglobin, & the rest is found in ferritin which, together with hemosiderin, forms the major storage sources of iron.
Women lose iron with menstruation & require a greater intake than men. Many pre-menopausal women have low ferritin (iron storage) levels. About 25% of the women in this age group that Dr. Slagle tests have low ferritin levels.
Infants, adolescents, pregnant women, the elderly, vegetarians, & those with low stomach acid are frequently iron deficient.
Iron deficiency is the most prevalent nutritional deficiency world-wide & is seen commonly in Dr. Slagle's practice. Those at highest risk for iron deficiency are vegetarians, teenagers, children, junk food eaters, pre-menopausal women, the elderly, those with recurrent infections, those chronically using aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory pain medicines, and those with chronic gastrointestinal disorders.
Chronically low iron causes numerous adverse changes in your immune system, resulting in recurrent colds, flus, & other infections. Many children with repeated infections are suffering from low iron levels.
Iron carries & releases oxygen from your red blood cells & is the main determinant of the oxygen supply to your cells.
Iron prticipates in the energy production systems in your body by several mechanisms & low iron leads to chronic fatigue & lethargy.
Iron status significantly relates to cognitive performance & mood by impacting your brain neurotransmitter function. Decreased iron levels lead to poor concentration, impaired attention span, poor learning, & low moods.
The best blood test for determining iron status is serum ferritin, which measures the level of stored iron available in your body. Dr. Slagle considers any level less than mid-normal to be capable of detracting from health & requiring dietary change or supplementation.
If you are in the high risk group or have a constellation of the deficiency symptoms listed below, supplementation is likely indicated. Do not use if you have a liver disorder or do not fit the group at risk for deficiency, unless you have a serum ferritin test.
SYMPTOMS OF DEFICIENCY :
- Depression
- Fatigue
- Listlessness
- Impaired learning
- Poor memory
- Decreased attention span
- Irritability
- Dizziness
- Appetite loss
- Constipation
- Difficulty swallowing
- Joint soreness
- Asthma
- Sores on skin
- Hair loss
- Headaches
- Sore or burning tongue
- Brittle, flat, or spoon shaped nails
- Longitudinal ridges on nails
- Heart palpitations on exertion
- Shortness of breath
- Cold extremities
- Decreased resistance to infection
- Anemia (hypochromic, microcytic)
- Numbness & tingling
- Night sweats
- Fragile bones
- Growth impairment
- Eye soreness
Last edited on Thu Jun 9th, 2005 05:43 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Tue Jun 14th, 2005 12:52 am |
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Varicose Veins
Veins are the blood vessels that return deoxygenated blood to the heart. Valves in the vein open to allow the blood to pass through and close to prevent reflux, or the backward flow of blood.
Legs are made up of a network of veins. There are three types of leg veins.
- Deep veins, located deep in the leg, are responsible for returning 90-95% of the deoxygenated blood back to the heart.
- Superficial veins, the small veins at the skin's surface, are responsible for taking blood from the skin and returning it to the heart.
- Perforating veins link the deep and superficial veins together.
Varicose veins are twisted, enlarged veins, often dark blue in color, near or raised above the surface of the skin. They are found most often on the backs of the calves or on the inside of the leg, anywhere from the groin to the ankle. Any of the vein types may become varicose.
In healthy veins, blood travels in one direction only, towards the heart. In contrast, varicose veins are abnormal or damaged veins that have lost their ability to efficiently return the deoxygenated blood back to the heart. Blood leaks back through weakened valves and pools in the vein, distending and twisting the vein. This condition is called venous reflux and is often the underlying cause of varicose veins. There are multiple causes of varicose veins, and treatments differ by cause and severity of symptoms.
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Contributing Risk Factors
An estimated 10-20% of adult Americans have varicose veins. While the cause of varicose veins is not known, a number of contributing risk factors have been identified.
- Heredity - Varicose veins tend to run in families. A defect in vein walls or valves is the greatest contributing factor in 70% of cases.
- Gender - Women are much more likely to get varicose veins than men.
- Age - Varicose veins usually appear between ages 30 and 70 and get progressively worse.
- Obesity - Excess weight increases the pressure on leg veins and valves
- Hormones - Hormonal changes during pregnancy, premenstruation and menopause may be a factor. Female hormones tend to relax vein walls
- Pregnancy - An increased progesterone level, increased volume of blood in the body and increased pressure on the pelvic veins are all contributors.
- Occupation - Professions involving sitting or standing for prolonged periods of time have an increased risk of developing varicose veins, i.e. store clerks, waitresses, hair dressers, flight attendants, teachers, nurses. Your blood doesn't flow as well if you're in the same position for long periods.
Prevention
There is no way to prevent varicose veins from occurring. However, by adhering to the following suggestions, you may be able to alleviate symptoms of varicose veins and slow down the progression of the condition.
- Maintain a healthy weight to avoid placing excess pressure on your legs.
- Avoid crossing your legs while sitting.
- Do not sit or stand for extended periods of time. Be sure to shift your weight from side to side or get up and stretch every 30 minutes.
- Avoid tight clothing that might constrict your waist, groin or legs, such as garter belts.
- Wear elastic support stockings
- Control your salt-intake to prevent inadvertent water retention and swelling.
Symptoms Of Varicose Veins
People with varicose veins may notice visibly twisted, swollen veins
just below the skin's surface.
In addition, some will experience discomfort from swelling, throbbing or cramping at night. Additionally, because the skin tissue around the varicose vein may not be receiving enough nourishment, itching or burning of the skin over the vein is not uncommon. In cases where the symptoms are mild and limited to the above, home treatment can be very successful and medical treatment is usually not necessary.
In cases where the varicose veins are symptomatic of more serious vein problems, the patient may experience more severe signs and symptoms including:
•Fluid buildup or swelling in the leg.
•Swelling and pain in the calf after sitting or standing for an extended period of time.
•Changes in the color and pigmentation in the skin around the ankles and lower legs.
•Dry, itchy skin or rashes in the area of the varicose vein
•Open sores or ulcers
More severe symptoms such as these may be reduced through one of a number of medical procedures. Only a doctor can determine whether a particular medical procedure is appropriate.
Varicose veins are common and are not always associated with more severe health problems. However, they can become painful, unattractive and worsen over time. Varicose veins can cause legs and feet to swell, create a sense of fatigue in leg muscles and throbbing and cramping at night. The skin surrounding the veins may also itch and burn.
These symptoms may be a sign of an underlying condition called venous insufficiency in which damaged or diseased valves result in backward flow of blood in your leg. Patients with venous insufficiency often benefit from medical treatment.
You should see a doctor if the varicose veins have become swollen, red or tender or warm to the touch.
Last edited on Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:07 am by |
Jane
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Posted: Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:00 am |
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Surgical Procedures for varicose veins
If complications develop or symptoms become more severe despite home treatment, it may be necessary to medically treat or surgically remove the damaged veins. The course of treatment depends on the size and type of vein and the severity of the disease.
The following are procedures for small varicose veins and spider veins...
Sclerotherapy
Sclerotherapy is a nonsurgical treatment for varicose veins that involves injecting a saline or detergent-like solution into the vein, causing the lining of the vein wall to swell, stick together and ultimately seal shut. Once the vein is sealed, the flow of blood is stopped and scar tissue develops in the vein. With the diseased vein sealed, blood is forced into healthier veins. The treated vein is absorbed and eventually becomes nearly invisible. Sclerotherapy may need to be performed multiple times over the course of weeks or months to achieve the desired results.
Sclerotherapy is commonly used to treat small veins or to improve the appearance of larger veins after more invasive corrective surgery. The American Academy of Dermatology states that most patients will experience a 50%-90% improvement in the appearance of varicose veins if the procedure is performed correctly. The procedure is minimally invasive, does not require anesthesia and can be performed in a doctor's office.
Side effects of sclerotherapy may include mild stinging, bruising, and rashes around the injection site. These symptoms usually disappear. Additionally, the vein could become infected, inflamed or lumps of coagulated blood may develop. These symptoms are not dangerous and can usually be decreased by applying heat, taking aspirin or antibiotics to relieve inflammation or by draining the coagulated blood.
If sclerotherapy is performed strictly for cosmetic purposes, the procedure will likely not be covered by insurance. However, treatment may be covered if medically necessary.
Laser Surgery
Laser surgery can be used to destroy spider veins and small varicose veins by sending a very strong beam of light through the skin onto the vein, making the vein slowly disappear. There are no needles or incisions. Patient discomfort is limited to a small pinch when the laser hits the skin. This can usually be soothed by cooling the skin prior to and after the 15-20 minute procedure. Side effects are minimal and include some redness and swelling of the skin that disappears within a few days. Patients may also notice some skin discoloration for a week or two after treatment. Most veins require two to five treatments to achieve the desired results.
Phlebectomy
Medium-sized and larger varicose veins can be removed by a procedure called stab avulsion or phlebectomy. This procedure can be performed using local or general anesthesia. Small stab incisions are made in the skin to allow a tool to be placed through the skin to hook the vein and pull it out through the skin incision. The vein is then pulled until it breaks, causing the varicose vein to be removed in pieces. This process is repeated until all targeted varicose veins have been eliminated. Common side effects may include pain, bruising, hematoma, and bleeding.
Vein Ligation and Stripping:
Procedure for large varicose veins
Until recently, vein ligation and stripping was the standard for treating venous reflux in larger varicose veins. These veins are treated by making an incision over the vein and tying off the vein. If the majority of the valves in the vein are healthy, ligation can be used to isolate the faulty valves and the remaining vein may be left in place to continue circulating blood. If the vein is heavily damaged it is usually removed, or stripped. To strip a vein, incisions are made at the groin and near the knee and the vein is grasped and removed. Most people are able to return to their normal daily and recreational activities within a few weeks.
Vein ligation and stripping is effective in producing positive long-term results in 85% of people. Some common side effects from vein stripping and ligation surgery may include temporary pain or discomfort, bruising, hematoma, numbness, and less frequently wound infection.
Vein stripping is an invasive procedure and should not be performed on older individuals for whom surgery poses a risk due to other medical conditions. It is also not an appropriate choice for people who have circulatory problems of the legs, skin infections, blood-clotting defects or an abnormal passageway between and artery and vein. Pregnant women are also inappropriate candidates for vein stripping.
The Closure Procedure
The VNUS Closure procedure is a minimally invasive treatment alternative to traditional vein stripping surgery for venous reflux, a common underlying cause of varicose veins. The Closure system was cleared for marketing in the US in March 1999. The Closure procedure is becoming increasingly popular as doctors become more familiar with this treatment. The procedure is done by placing a very small tube (catheter) into the vein to deliver radiofrequency energy to the vein wall, causing it to collapse and seal shut. Once the diseased vein is sealed, healthy veins will take over and redirect the blood flow.
The Closure procedure is minimally invasive and can be performed under local anesthesia in a doctor's office. Patients have reported feeling little, if any, pain during the procedure and most return to their normal activity within a day. Some common side effects may include temporary tenderness and numbness. Most patients report a noticeable improvement in their symptoms in 1-2 weeks following the procedure and experience good cosmetic outcomes with little to no pain, scarring, or bruising.
The Closure procedure is covered by most insurance companies, when deemed medically necessary.
Last edited on Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:09 am by |
Jane
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Posted: Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:18 am |
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A healthy pregnancy
This essay is also available as a downloadable PDF .
A healthy diet will benefit your baby even before it is conceived. How to achieve a healthy diet is the first topic covered in these pages. They then talk about planning your pregnancy; if you are already pregnant the subsequent pages talk about healthy eating, as well as other lifestyle tips, during your pregnancy.
A healthy diet
A healthy diet can be achieved by following the guidelines which are based on the following five food groups:
- Bread, other cereals and potatoes . Foods in this group include breakfast cereals, pasta and rice. These foods should make up the main part of your diet. They are good sources of carbohydrate, protein and B vitamins, low in fat and filling. Try to choose high fibre varieties which contain more vitamins and minerals and breakfast cereals which contain added iron and folic acid.
- Fruit and vegetables. This group includes fresh, frozen and tinned varieties, salad vegetables, beans and lentils, dried fruit and fruit juice. Eat at least five portions a day (fruit juice counts as only one portion however much you drink in a day). Fruit and vegetables provide vitamin C, carotene and some of the B vitamins. However, these vitamins are not very stable and they are easily destroyed during storage or cooking. So don’t store fresh fruit and vegetables for long; don’t prepare and leave them for long before cooking; cook them in the minimum amount of boiling water or steam or microwave them (as vitamins dissolve into water); eat them as soon as possible after cooking.
- Meat, fish and alternatives. Alternatives include eggs, nuts, pulses (such as beans, lentils, chickpeas) and textured vegetable protein. Eat moderate amounts and choose lower fat versions whenever possible. They are a major source of protein, vitamins and minerals. Try to eat at least one portion of oily fish (e.g. sardines or salmon) a week.
- Milk and dairy foods. Eat or drink moderate amounts and choose lower fat versions when you can. These foods are particularly high in calcium and good sources of protein. Skimmed and semi-skimmed milk contain just as much calcium and protein as whole milk. Exposing milk to sunlight reduces the vitamin content and UHT milk has lower amounts of vitamins so use fresh milk whenever possible.
- Foods containing fat and sugar . Eat sparingly, i.e. infrequently and/or in small amounts.
Planning your pregnancy
If you have a medical condition it is important that you see your GP to discuss your planned pregnancy. A healthy body will increase the likelihood of you having a healthy pregnancy and a healthy baby. The following are a few guidelines to help you prepare your body for pregnancy.
Eat a healthy diet
Eating well before you are pregnant gives your body a store of nutrients for your baby, especially if you have a poor appetite during the first few weeks of pregnancy.
Try to be the correct weight for your height
You can find out what your correct weight should be by looking at a height and weight chart, like one for BMI (but once you are pregnant this chart is no longer applicable). Some underweight women have difficulties in becoming pregnant, so putting on a little weight may help conception. Being overweight should not prevent conception, but may lead to increased tiredness and back problems during pregnancy. If you are slightly overweight, try to lose a little weight. This does not necessarily mean eating less, just eating more healthily by cutting down on foods high in fat and sugar and exercising regularly. If you are very overweight, you could see your GP for a referral to a dietician for help to lose weight before you become pregnant.
Take a folic acid supplement and check your dietary folate intake
Folic acid is also known as folate when it occurs naturally in foods. An increased intake of folate may prevent neural tube handicaps such as spina bifida. If you are planning a pregnancy you are advised to take a daily supplement of 400 microgrammes offolic acid (a microgramme is one millionth of a gram, also seen as 400 mcg, 400 µg or 0.4 mg) as soon as you stop using contraception and for the first three months of pregnancy. Additionally, try to eat 300 microgrammes of folate every day from dietary sources. Good sources of dietary folate include fortified breads and breakfast cereals and vegetables (try not to overcook vegetables as this reduces their folic acid content).
Some dietary sources of folate
Brussels sprouts (90 g),Spinach (90 g), Green beans (90 g), Frozen peas (90 g),
2 slices fortified soft grain bread, 2 slices wholemeal bread,
If you smoke try to give up
Smoking may affect fertility and has harmful affects on the developing baby. If you can’t give up, cut down.
Limit alcohol consumption
Try not to have more than 8 units a week and no more than two units in a day. (A unit = half pint of beer, lager or cider; one glass of wine).
Exercise regularly
Exercise is essential in order to get your body into a healthy condition. It will also benefit your developing baby. If you haven’t exercised before, start gently, choose an exercise that you enjoy and ideally one which you can integrate into your lifestyle. Walking or swimming are ideal as they are exercises which you can continue during your pregnancy.
Avoid high intakes of vitamin A
Very high intakes of vitamin A (retinol) during the first few weeks of pregnancy may harm your baby. In the early days when you may not know you are pregnant it is advisable to avoid eating foods that are particularly high in vitamin A, e.g. liver, liver sausage and cod liver oil. Vitamin A found in fruits and vegetables (carotene) are safe to eat.
During your pregnancy
The guidelines to get your body into a healthy condition before your pregnancy remain just as important during your pregnancy. A healthier lifestyle will benefit your developing baby, help you to cope with your pregnancy (or the remainder of it), the birth, breastfeeding (should you choose to do so) and the demands of a newborn. The following are some lifestyle considerations to help you have a healthy pregnancy and give birth to a healthy baby.
Eat a healthy diet
As well as eating a healthy diet, there are additional food safety precautions to follow while you are pregnant. These will be covered in the next section. It is not advisable to try and lose weight while you are pregnant unless your doctor or midwife advises you to do so. A woman of normal weight does not need any extra calories during the first six months of pregnancy and then only an extra 200 calories a day during the last three months.
Take a folic acid supplement and check your dietary folate intake
It is important to take a daily supplement of 400 microgrammes of folic acid (400 µg or 0.4 mg) until the end of the 12th week of pregnancy. Also try to eat more foods high in folate and choose breads and breakfast cereals which have added folic acid.
Particularly important nutrients
Your nutritional needs should be met if you eat a balanced diet (with the exception of folic acid). However, the following nutrients are particularly important, especially if you are on a special diet, e.g. you are a vegetarian.
Calcium
Development of baby’s teeth and bones.
Dairy products, dark green leafy vegetables, bread, pulses, dried fruit, fish with edible bones, baked beans, nuts, sesame seeds, enriched soya milk.
Iron
For you and your baby. Formation of red blood cells.
Lean red meat, pilchards, dark green vegetables, beans, lentils, eggs, nuts, dried fruit, wholemeal bread, breakfast cereals (see note 1)
Folic acid
Development of baby’s organs and tissues, reduces risk of spinal defects such as spina bifida.
See table above (see note 2)
Vitamin C
Helps absorb iron.
Most fruit and vegetables, richest sources are blackcurrants, citrus fruits and citrus fruit juices.
Vitamin D
Helps absorb calcium.
Oily fish (e.g. herring, tuna), eggs, milk, butter, margarine, low fat spreads (see note 3)
Omega-3 essential fatty acids
Baby’s brain and nerve development in late pregnancy.
Cold water fish, e.g. mackerel, herring, salmon, sardines
Vitamin B12
For healthy blood.
Only non-animal food source is seaweed but found in fortified foods such as marmite and breakfast cereals.
Note 1
Iron in red meat is absorbed more efficiently than iron from other foods so if you are vegetarian make sure you get enough iron. You can increase the amount of iron you absorb from cereals and vegetables by consuming drinks or foods that contain vitamin C with a meal and avoiding tea and coffee at meal times.
Note 2
Also take daily supplement of 400 microgrammes folic acid (400 µg or 0.4 mg) for first 12 weeks of pregnancy (ideally starting at time of conception).
Note 3
Made naturally in response to sunlight so take care if you do not expose your skin to much sunlight.
Limit caffeine
Caffeine is found in coffee, tea, cocoa and some fizzy drinks. The current advice is that moderate amounts are safe to drink, i.e. up to five cups of ordinary strength coffee a day or 10 cups of tea a day.
Limit alcohol
Try not to have more than eight units a week and no more than two units in a day. (A unit = half pint of beer, lager or cider; one glass of wine).
Stop smoking
If you find it impossible to stop, then cut down by as much as you can.
Exercise regularly
It is important that you still exercise during your pregnancy, but see one of your health care team (e.g. GP or midwife) before you do. Both you and your baby will benefit and you will find it easier to get back into shape after the birth. However, avoid jerky or bouncy movements and high risk exercises such as step aerobics, horse riding and skating. Avoid scuba diving and water-skiing as well as saunas, steam rooms and jacuzzis. Swimming and walking are ideal. If you choose to go to exercise classes, make sure that your instructor is qualified and knows that you are pregnant.
Try to exercise at least three times a week and only exercise for as long as you feel comfortable. If you exercised before you were pregnant, you will obviously not be able to exercise at the same intensity. If you were inactive before you became pregnant, start gently.
The key is to exercise at a level that feels comfortable. Drink plenty of fluids and avoid exercising in hot, humid weather. After the first trimester, avoid exercises which involve lying on your back. Stop exercising if you feel any discomfort, pain, dizziness, faintness, shortness of breath, or contractions or experience any vaginal bleeding or fluid loss.
Pelvic floor muscle exercises
These need special attention. Ask one of your health care team to explain how to exercise your pelvic floor muscles. It is important to perform these exercises as they are put under a lot of strain during pregnancy. Weak pelvic floor muscles result in urinary incontinence, bowel dysfunction, low back and pelvic pain.
Rest
Try to rest as much as possible. You may often feel very tired, particularly in the first and third trimesters. This is natural: your body is transforming a cell into a baby. Don’t expect to be able to get as much done and don’t expect too much of yourself. Even if you can’t sleep during the day, put your feet up whenever you can.
Coping with changes
As well as feeling tired and nauseous, hormonal changes may put you on an emotional roller coaster. You may get upset and cry more easily, get irritable more easily or lose your temper more quickly. If you are aware that your hormones are responsible, it may make these times a little easier to cope with. You may go through a range of feelings and worries about the pregnancy, the birth, coping with your baby and being a parent.
Talking about how you feel and the concerns you may have is important and helpful, whether it be to your partner, a friend or a member of your health care team. A healthy lifestyle will also help you to cope (i.e. eat well, rest, exercise).
Common health problems
Your body undergoes enormous changes during pregnancy and it is common to suffer from a range of problems, for example nausea, faintness, headaches, nose bleeds, bleeding gums, backache, indigestion, heartburn, constipation, haemorrhoids (also known as piles), varicose veins, tiredness and sleeplessness, swollen extremities (fingers, ankles and feet) and itching. Your doctor or midwife will be able to help you with these or any other problems or concerns you may have and advise you on how to cope with them.
Taking medicines
If you take regular medication, talk to your doctor. Check with your GP or pharmacist before taking over-the-counter or prescribed medicines, vitamin or mineral supplements. Also check with a qualified practitioner before taking any herbal or alternative remedies and your pharmacist before using any massage or bath oils.
X-rays
X-rays should be avoided during pregnancy if possible. Make sure your dentist knows you are pregnant.
Avoiding infections from food and animals
Food poisoning and infections can occur in pregnancy and on rare occasions can harm your baby. There are precautions you can take to avoid infections like listeriosis, toxoplasmosis and salmonellosis from food and animals.
Listeriosis , caused by the bacterium Listeria, is a rare infection (affecting approximately 1 in 20,000 pregnancies) which causes an illness resembling mild flu in the mother but may cause miscarriage or severe illness in the newborn baby. It is found in mould ripened soft cheeses, blue-veined cheeses, pate, cooked-chilled meals and ready-cooked poultry.
Toxoplasmosis is also very rare (affecting approximately 1 in 50,000 pregnancies) caused by an organism, Toxoplasma, found in raw meat and cat faeces which can seriously affect an unborn baby.
Salmonellosis (caused by bacteria Salmonella) is a common cause of food poisoning associated with raw poultry and meat and raw or lightly cooked eggs. Although salmonellosis is not a disease which can pass through to your baby it is advisable to avoid an infection during your pregnancy.
Food safety
Cheese :
Cheeses which are safe to eat are (i) hard cheeses, e.g. Babybel, Cheddar, Edam, Emmental, English goats’ cheddar, Feta, Gouda, Gruyere, Jarlsberg, Mozzarella, Parmesan; (ii) soft and processed cheeses, e.g. Cottage cheese, spread, processed cheese, Borsin, Mascarpone, Philadelphia, Quark, Ricotta.
Cheeses to avoid are (i) soft ripened cheeses, e.g. Brie, Cambozola, Camembert; (ii) blue-veined cheeses, e.g. Blue Brie, Danish Blue, Gorgonzola, Roquefort, Stilton.
Yogurt, Fromage Frais, Soured Cream, Creme Fraiche:
Any variety of these are safe to eat, i.e. natural, flavoured and biologically active.
Pate:
Avoid any type of pate unless it is tinned.
Ready-cooked meals and ready to eat poultry:
Reheat these foods thoroughly until they are piping hot.
Eggs:
Only eat eggs which have been cooked until both the white and yolk are solid. Avoid raw eggs and foods containing them (e.g. mousses and homemade mayonnaise). Commercially prepared foods, made with pasteurised eggs (e.g. bottled mayonnaise) are safe to eat.
Meat:
Cook meat until it is well done. All meat products, e.g. sausages and burgers, should also be cooked thoroughly so that the juices run clear.
Milk:
Avoid raw milk from cows, sheep and goats. Only drink pasteurised, sterilised or UHT (ultra-heat treated) milk.
Vegetables and salads:
Wash these foods carefully to remove soil and dirt, which may contain Taxoplasma.
Shellfish:
It is advisable to avoid shellfish. If you do wish to eat prawns for example, buy them from a reputable source, pre-packaged and date-stamped, make sure they have been thoroughly cooked or eat them in a reputable restaurant.
Liver:
Avoid liver and liver sausage which contain large amounts of the animal form of vitamin A. Cod liver oil supplements should also be avoided (see Taking medicines above). The plant form of vitamin A found in fruit and vegetables is safe.
Ice cream:
Avoid soft-whip ice cream from machines (Listeria can survive at low temperatures if the machines are not clean).
Peanuts:
Peanut allergy is increasing in children and it is thought that it may be caused by being exposed to peanuts at a young age. Current opinion is that if you, your baby’s father or any of your previous children suffer from asthma, eczema, hay fever or food allergies it is sensible to avoid peanuts and products containing them during your pregnancy (and while breast feeding). Also check whether peanuts are an ingredient on commercial products.
Handling food
Below is a checklist of simple precautions you can take while handling food.
- Always wash your hands before and after preparing food.
- Use a separate board for preparing raw meat and poultry.
- Wash boards, knives and your hands after preparing raw meat.
- Make sure that raw meat does not come into contact with other foods while cooking.
- Store raw meat covered at the bottom of the fridge, separate from cooked foods.
- Defrost frozen meat thoroughly before cooking.
- Cook foods thoroughly.
- When reheating food, make sure it is piping hot all the way through.
- Don't eat food which has passed the 'use-by' date on packaging.
- Keep fridge temperature below 5 degrees C; freezer below -18 degrees C.
- Try to keep your pets out of the kitchen; particularly off food-preparation surfaces.
Handling animals
Animals can also be a source of infection, so here are a few precautions to take with your pets, especially cats, and sheep.
- After handling pets or animals: do not touch your mouth and wash your hands before you eat or prepare food.
- Use different utensils and bowls for your pets: and wash them separately from your own.
- Cats: keep cat litter-trays clean; try and avoid emptying cat litter trays while you are pregnant or if no one else can do it for you, wear rubber gloves (or disposable ones); wash both your hands and the gloves afterwards.
- Always wear gloves when gardening: as your garden soil may have been fouled by cats; wash both your hands and the gloves afterwards.
- Sheep: do not help with lambing, handle new-born lambs or come into close contact with sheep who have just given birth as sheep may carry toxoplasmosis, listeriosis or chlamydiosis organisms.
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OTHER SITE TO CHK: http://www.babyfit.com
Last edited on Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:33 am by |
Jane
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Posted: Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:49 am |
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BEER BELLY...how to get rid of it!!!
I'd like to tell you there's an easy solution to this problem, but there isn't.
As the years go by a man's metabolism slows and he needs fewer calories. However, his calorie intake often stays the same as it's always been or even increases whilst his levels of activity generally decrease. The result is the "beer belly". It's the place where fat likes to settle first and the last place it wants to leave.
Start off by examining your diet, and that includes beer and any other alcohol. It should be low in fat and include lots of carbohydrates (bread, rice, potatoes, pasta), fruit, and vegetables. When you feel like snacking then eat a piece of fruit rather than a bar of chocolate.
Sensible levels of alcohol for a man are up to 21 units each week. A unit is half a pint of ordinary strength beer or lager, or a glass of wine, or a pub measure of spirit. If your belly is growing out of control then as part of your healthy diet reduce your alcohol intake to no more than 14 units a week to start with.
Poor posture accentuates the appearance of a beer belly so you can improve this by keeping your belly sucked in when you are standing or sitting. Holding it in for five seconds, releasing, and repeating this ten times every couple of hours during the day is also a quick and simple way of improving the abdominal muscle tone.
Aerobic exercises such as running, tennis, and swimming will help burn up unnecessary calories and fat. These can be combined with abdominal exercises such as sit-ups to tone the muscles. It's important that you do these properly so if you're not sure ask someone at your gym to show you how, or learn from a book or a video.
As with any exercise the best results come from doing it regularly, and don't forget to warm up and warm down by stretching gently before and after.
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Genes could predict which men will get a beer belly
Genetic make-up could be to blame for the beer belly.
Scientists have found that men with a certain gene variation have a tendency to get a flabby stomach.
"Understanding genetic predisposition to weight gain is an essential step in arresting the stigma that obesity is always an individual's fault"
American Obesity Association
The men were more likely to become overweight and to put on fat around their abdomen.
Experts say other factors - such as diet and exercise - also play a role in obesity.
It appears, however, that some men may be genetically programmed to get a beer belly as they get older if they lead an unhealthy lifestyle.
Fat cells
The culprit seems to be a substance called angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) which helps regulate blood pressure in the body.
Studies in the laboratory suggest it might also play a role in the growth of fat cells.
A team led by Pasquale Strazzullo of the University of Naples looked at several natural variations in the gene that are found in healthy men.
They found that one genetic variant (polymorphism), known as DD, is linked to developing fat around the stomach.
It seems to predict which men will put on weight and develop beer bellies as they grow older.
"DD homozygosity was associated with larger increases in body weight and blood pressure in aging persons, as well as with higher incidence of overweight," they write in the Annals of Internal Medicine.
Heart Study
The research was part of a large heart disease study of 959 men, aged between 25 and 75 years old, who work for the Italian company Olivetti.
Participants in the Olivetti Prospective Heart Study were weighed and measured, and their gene type was determined with a blood test.
Men with the DD genetic sub-type were more than twice as likely to become overweight over the course of two decades than those with a different gene type.
The authors say the study does have limitations - it only looked at Italian men and may not apply generally.
Scientists acknowledge that more research is needed to unravel the relationship between particular genes and obesity.
As genes are identified and their roles better understood, so is the fact that obesity is a chronic disease, said a spokeswoman for the American Obesity Association.
She told BBC News Online: "Understanding genetic predisposition to weight gain is an essential step in defining obesity prevention and treatment strategies, and in arresting the stigma that obesity is always an individual's fault."
Last edited on Tue Jun 14th, 2005 01:58 am by |
Jane
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Posted: Tue Jun 14th, 2005 06:43 pm |
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WHAT YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LOW-CARB. DIETS
The Atkins diet has helped many individuals lose weight, lower blood pressure, control blood sugar and lower cholesterol.
There are certain aspects of low- carb. diets that are very beneficial to one's health, such as eliminating or reducing highly processed carbs and sugars...and encouraging the consumption of more vegetables.
Processed carbohydrates such as white bread, white rice, instant potatoes, pasta, corn chips, crackers , bagels and pretzels generally have a high glycemic index.
The glycemic index, which compares foods, gram for gram, of carbohydrate,is a ranking of carbohydrates based on their immediate effect on blood glucose (blood sugar) levels. The carbohydrate's ability to to raise blood sugar level is given a numeric value called the glycemic index. All foods are compared with pure glucose, which has a glycemic index of 100. Carbohydrates that break down quicly during digestion have a higher glycemic index.
Both sugars and high glycemic carbs increase the body's release of insulin style, which in turn lowers the blood sugar levels and promotes the storage of fat. By reducing or eliminating these foods, insulin levels are lowered, enabling one to lose weight.
The down side to this is that low-carb diets can actually predispose one to low blood sugar ( hypoglycemia) and other health issues. Lowering your intake of carbohydrates temporarily can help you shed those unwanted pounds, but ultimately you should focus your attention the finding the 'right balance' and the right 'fuel mixture' for your body.
Another problem with low-carb diets is that they are usually high in the wrong kinds of fats, such as saturated fats, excessive polyunsaturated fats and hydrogenated fats.
These fats, when used in salad dressing or while cooking, create free radicals that can cause degenerative damage to the cells of our body. Additonally, those who follow low-carb diets usually consume excessive amounts of meat and animal fat , which are associated with increased risk of both heart disease and cancer.
Moreover, one of the biggest problems with these type of diets, is that they set the dieter up for a binge response....an unrestrained and often excessive indulgence of food.
According to the national Institute of Health Technology Assessment Control Panel, people following the low-carb diets have a failure rate of nearly 100% after 5 years.GOOD CARBS are not highly processed....they include whole grains and abundant amounts of fruits and fish.
The healthiest food guide pyramid the the Mediterranean one...it is based on whole grains like brown rice, whole grain pasta, whole grain breads and polenta (course cormeal). Whole grains are are commonly eaten with each meal and have high amounts of fiber without the excessive amounts of dangerous fats, sugars or food additives.
The top of the Mediterranean food pyramid is devoted to redmeats...which includes beef, veal (or lamb), goat, and pork. In contrast to the American diet where red meat is eaten regularly, people in the Mediterranean countries rarely consumes it more than a few time a month. Poultry and fish tend to takes its place and are eaten a few times weekly. Red meat tends to be reserved for special occasions and is rarely offered as a main course.
Those individuals utilizing low-carb diets for weight control usually do not consume enough fruit, vegetables and fiber. As a result, their diet is usually deficient in phytonutrients, antioxidants and fiber...all of which help prevent cancer and heart disease.
Consuming fruits, fruits vegetables and fibers is extremely important. Eating fruits and vegetables high in ORAC (oxygen radical absorbance capacity)values is also extremely beneficial because of their powerful antioxidant properties.
Antioxidants inhibit internal oxidation, which is a process known to have a damaging effect on our tissues.
The US Dept. of agriculture recommends that you eat 3-5 servings of vegetables and 2-4 servings of fruits every day..... this means that fruits and vegetables should make up a larger percentage of your diet as they enhance your health.
Fruits with the highest ORAC are prunes and blueberries style . Other fruits and veggies style that also have high ORAC values are blackberries, strawberry, kale, spinach, cauliflower, tomatoes and carrots.
One of the best rules thumb is to eat MORE 'living foods' such as fruits, veggies, whole grains, seeds ....and LESS man-made or processed foods.
Last edited on Tue Jun 14th, 2005 06:52 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Wed Jun 15th, 2005 07:55 pm |
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http://medlineplus.gov/
( a service of the U.S National Library of Medicine)
Start here with over 700 topics on conditions, diseases and wellness
About your prescription and over-the-counter medicines
Includes pictures and diagrams
Spellings and definitions of medical words
Health News from the past 30 days
Find doctors, dentists and hospitals
Local libraries, health organizations, international sites and more
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Jane
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Posted: Wed Jun 15th, 2005 08:00 pm |
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for info on HAIR LOSS and its CAUSES
http://familydoctor.org/081.xml
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Jane
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Posted: Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:31 pm |
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RESPIRATORY ALLERGY
The respiratory system provides oxygen to your body's cells and clears the blood of carbon dioxide when you exhale. As one of the body's primary gatekeepers, the respiratory system is susceptible to a number of unfriendly forces; when faced with invaders from pollens to perfume, allergies can strike.
What is Respiratory Allergy?
Allergies occur when the immune system overreacts to a given substance called an allergen (pollen, for example). Respiratory allergies affect the respiratory tract. The lining of the airway from the nose to the lungs is similar in structure and therefore similarly affected by the allergic process - so what affects the nose and sinus also can affect the lungs. And often what happens in one part of the airway has an impact on the other.
What Triggers Respiratory Allergy?
Allergy triggers include both allergens and irritants. Allergens such as animal danders, pollens, molds dust mites and cockroaches, cause immune system reaction. Irritants, such as indoor cigarette smoke, outdoor air pollution, auto exhaust or strong odor such as cleaning fluid or paint, directly impact the respiratory system. Both allergens and irritants can bring on a variety of symptoms. And all can trigger both allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma and Other Respiratory Allergy Problems
[url=javascript:ol('http://health.yahoo.com/centers/allergy/152.html');]Allergic Rhinitis[/url] - When allergens impact the mucous membrane lining the nose and sinus cavities, the unpleasant result is known as allergic rhinitis, also called hay fever. Symptoms include itchy nose, throat and eyes and excessive sneezing. Stuffy or runny nose often follow.
Asthma - What happens in one airway often has an impact on the other airway. For this reason, rhinitis in the nasal passages can lead to asthma in the lungs, a much more serious illness characterized by breathlessness, wheezing on exhale, dry cough and a feeling of tightness in the chest. Not everyone with allergic rhinits will develop asthma symptoms, but a significant number - especially those with recurring, untreated allergies -- will show lung inflammation changes. About forty percent will actually develop full-blown asthma.
When asthma is triggered by an inhaled allergen (pollen, mold, etc.) it is known as extrinsic. Extrinsic asthma may also be brought on by irritants (tobacco smoke) exercise, or even certain foods.
Viral infections, specially the common cold, are another important trigger to asthma, as they add to the inflammation already occurring in the lungs. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and young children and is a major precursor to childhood asthma. Intrinsic asthma has no apparent external cause, tends to occur later in life and may be triggered by emotional factors such as stress or anxiety.
Sinusitis - When the same inflammation occurring in the nose reaches the sinuses (the cavities behind your cheeks, eyebrows and jaw that open into the nasal passages) the result is an uncomfortable infection called sinusitis (or rhino-sinusitis), in which the sinuses can't empty themselves of bacteria. Symptoms include nasal congestion, runny nose, sore throat, fever, headache, fatigue and cough, as well as pain in the forehead, behind the cheeks, even aching teeth and jaw. People with allergies also tend to have more sinus infections. Acute sinusitis can be caused by a viral or bacterial infection.
Respiratory Allergy in Children
Respiratory allergies are one of the most common afflictions of childhood; in fact many allergies are more prevalent in childhood, often abating with age. As with adults, respiratory allergies in children are most likely to appear in the form of allergic rhinitis and asthma.
Asthma symptoms in children can be varied and subtle. It is vital that parents learn how to recognize symptoms, as children may not know how to describe them. Look for coughing episodes, especially at night or with exercise (children will also often complain of a sore throat after exercise), and coughing that lasts a long time after a cold, wheezing (whistling sound) on breathing out and shortness of breath.
The Good News for Everyone
Breath easy. There are a lot of options to treat asthma and allergy in adults and children (before you ever get to shots).
For allergies, [url=javascript:ol('http://health.yahoo.com/centers/allergy/504.html');]nasal steroid sprays[/url] do a great job of decreasing inflammation. [url=javascript:ol('http://health.yahoo.com/centers/allergy/503.html');]Antihistamines[/url] will ease a runny nose, itchy eyes and sneezing. If you are stuffy in addition to being sneezy, [url=javascript:ol('http://health.yahoo.com/centers/allergy/502.html');]decongestants[/url] can be very effective. Always make sure you use medications appropriately (overuse can sometimes have the reverse effect).
Though inconvenient in the beginning, allergy shots can be very effective in the long run. Those who have taken shots will eventually develop a tolerance to allergens (sometimes as soon as a year after starting). And immunotherapy is the only treatment whose effects persist well after treatment - -someone who has had shots for four to five years may get five to ten years of relief after that, and even if symptoms return, they will likely be milder.
Asthma medications are sold under many different brand names and come in the form of pills, sprays, powders, liquids and shots. All are designed to keep the airways in your lungs open.
The two main forms of treatment include brochodilators - - medicines to stop asthma attacks after they've started and also prevent expected attacks (many people take these before exercising);
and anti-inflammatories - - medicines to help control airway inflammation and prevent attacks from starting. You and your doctor should decide together what treatment path is best for you.
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Jane
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Posted: Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:34 pm |
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CAUSES OF ALLERGY
Allergies are an overreaction of the body's immune system to specific substances that it misidentifies as harmful. This overreaction of the body's immune system is known as an allergic reaction and the substances that cause it are called allergens. Potential allergens can be anything from dust mites and pollen to insect stings, fragrances, and foods such as shellfish and peanuts. Whatever the allergen, allergic reaction symptoms can be miserable, ranging from a runny nose and watery eyes to breathing problems, diarrhea, hives, and even death.
Allergens and Your Body
Your body's immune system is a collection of cells and organs that work individually and collectively to protect your body from outside invaders such as parasites, viruses and bacteria. Your immune system is an incredibly active and efficient defense mechanism, but not a perfect one. That is why we all get colds and many people develop diseases.
Allergic reactions are caused by both an outside invader and the body making a mistake. When a generally harmless substance such as pollen enters your body, your immune system may mistakenly treat it like a harmful invader. How your body reacts next determines the symptoms you feel.
The Allergy Chain of Events
Here is what happens inside your body when an allergic reaction occurs. This is known as the allergic chain of events or the allergic cascade.
- The allergen enters your body where it is misidentified as a harmful and foreign substance by your specialized white blood cells that work together to identify and exterminate bacteria and viruses. These cells are known as B-cells and T-cells.
- Your body then begins producing IgE antibodies which are proteins specifically engineered to neutralize the threat of the mis-identified allergen.
- These IgE antibodies attach themselves to a specialized blood cell known as a mast cell (most commonly found in the body's airways and GI tract) and lie in wait for the same substance to enter the body again.
- When the allergy sufferer comes into contact again with the same allergen, the IgE antibodies begin breaking down the mast cells.
- As mast cell walls are destroyed, each releases a load of chemicals, including histamine, prostaglandins, and leukotrienes, into the surrounding tissues and blood.
- These chemicals then bind to receptors in your blood, nasal tissues and other tissues in your body, causing a host of symptoms ranging from swelling to sneezing and a runny nose to hives.
- The release of histamine is what causes a cascade of allergy symptoms that can affect the GI tract, skin, respiratory system or cardiovascular system.
If your allergen is airborne, you will probably get an allergic reaction in your eyes, nose or lungs, causing watery eyes, a runny nose and breathing problems. If the allergen comes into contact with your skin, you may get a rash or itchy patches. If you ingest the allergen by eating a food or taking a drug by mouth, reactions can occur inside your mouth, your stomach, or your intestines.
The Genetic Factor
Allergies to specific allergens are not inherited, however, the tendency to develop an allergy is inherited. For example, if you're allergic to cat dander there is a chance that your child will also develop an allergy, but not necessarily to cat dander. If you are allergic to a substance, chances are one in three that your child will also develop an allergy. If both parents have allergies, the child has a 65-75% chance of developing allergies. A person who is prone to allergies is described as atopic. Studies have indicated that individuals who have atopy seem to also be at greater risk for becoming asthmatic.
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Allergy Symptoms
There are many types of allergies, but the most common include:
]Food Allergies- triggered by certain types of food
Anaphylaxis- triggered by food, drugs, or insect stings
Respiratory Allergies - triggered by airborne allergens
Contact Allergies -triggered by allergens that affect your skin
Insect Sting Allergies - triggered by the venom in some insects
Listed below are mild and severe symptoms associated with each common type of allergy.
Because each individual can have unique reactions, your symptoms may differ or may include one, some, or all of those listed. Call your doctor if your symptoms are severe or persistent.
respiratory allergy usually occur within the first few hours after exposure and are generally trigged by airborne allergens such as plant pollens, animal dander, dust mites, and mold spores.
Mild Symptoms:
- Sneezing
- Coughing or wheezing
- Postnasal drip
- Itchy nose and throat
- Throat hoarseness
- Impaired sense of smell
- Runny or clogged nose with clear, thin mucus
- Watery, itchy, red, or swollen eyes
- Congestion
- Fatigue
- Conjunctivitis (inflammation of membrane that lines eyelids, causing swollen eyelids and redness around the eyes)
Severe Symptoms:
- Shortness of breath
- Difficulty breathing
- Chest tightness and pain
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Last edited on Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:41 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:36 pm |
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Diagnosing Allergies
Diagnosing allergies properly starts with a visit to the doctor who deals with the type of symptoms you're having.
What Kind of Doctor?
You will probably first visit your primary care practitioner or family doctor. You may then get a referral to:
An allergist - A doctor who specializes in allergies.
A dermatologist - A doctor who specializes in skin problems.
An ear, nose and throat specialist - A doctor who works with these areas of the body.
An immunologist - A doctor who specializes in immune system disorders and diseases.
What Happens At My Appointment?
Your doctor will first conduct an allergy screening by asking relevant questions and completing a physical exam. Then, your doctor will likely administer allergy tests to determine your sensitivity to specific allergens.
After the appointment, your doctor may want you to begin an allergy diary. The diary will help you keep track of what symptoms you suffer and when.
Once your specific triggers are identified, your doctor will determine the proper treatment right for you.
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Other Allergies
Allergies to food, drugs and insect stings can cause symptoms that can appear immediately or in some cases several weeks. Depending on the allergen, symptoms can include a simple rash to a systemic reaction involving the gastrointestinal tract, respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
Food
Drugs
Stings
Last edited on Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:43 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Thu Jun 16th, 2005 07:38 pm |
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Allergy Treatments
Allergy sufferers can lead normal and productive lives with the help of medications and proper management. After you and your doctor have discovered your specific allergens, there are several steps you can take to avoid the onset of an allergic reaction and help relieve your allergy symptoms
Avoidance - Your best course may be to simply avoid your allergens. Complete avoidance of certain triggers is often not possible, but minimizing your exposure to them can make a significant difference.
Allergy Shots, also known as immunotherapy, can help build your allergy resistance. However, the shots are expensive and the treatment takes several years. For most allergy sufferers, medications that treat allergy symptoms are a much better option.
Allergy Medications - You can sometimes control your symptoms with over-the-counter or prescription medications. Listed below is a brief rundown of common types of medications typically used to treat allergy symptoms.
Corticosteroids
Steroid Nasal Sprays
Antihistamines
Decongestants
Decongestants Combined With Antihistamines
Cromolyn Sodium
Ipratropium Bromide
If you decide to take any medication, either non-prescription or prescription, you should first talk with your doctor in order to avoid adverse side effects or adverse reactions with other drugs you are already taking.
A Note about Anaphylaxis
Anaphylaxis is a sudden, severe, and potentially fatal allergic reaction with symptoms that can affect various areas of the body. Symptoms usually appear very quickly after exposure to the allergen and can include intense itching all over the body, total body swelling, respiratory distress and can even lead to shock that is life threatening.
These reactions demand prompt medical attention and may require not only antihistamines and corticosteroids for relief, but also a form of adrenaline known as epinephrine. People who are highly susceptible to anaphylactic reactions should always carry a syringe of epinephrine with them and wear a medical alert bracelet.
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Herbal Remedies For Allergies
CHAMOMMILE, tea is used to reduce duration of hay fever attacks.
EPHEDRA, relieves congestion & bronchial spasms.
EUCALYPTUS, used in steam inhalation to ease congestion.
EYEBRIGHT , tincture or capsules reduce hay fever symptoms.
GINGER, reduces inflammation, antimicrobial.
LICORICE ROOT, reduces inflammation, antiviral, antibacterial.
NETTLE, extract acts as an expectorant, reduces sinus inflammation.
ROOIBOS, has antihistamine properties. A tea is sometimes helpful in relieving symptoms.
ST. JOHN'S WORT, capsules are used to relieve sinus headache.
The information presented here is for educational purposes only. These statements have not been evaluated by the FDA and are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease.
HerbalRemediesInfo.com
Last edited on Thu Jun 16th, 2005 08:18 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Fri Jun 24th, 2005 02:24 am |
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Tendinitis
Definition
Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon. A tendon is a cord or band that connects a muscle to a bone.
What is going on in the body?
Tendons are usually smooth and strong. With age or overuse, tendons can become worn and weak, leading to tendinitis. Tendinitis occurs most often in the shoulder, elbow, wrist, hip, knee, and ankle.
What are the signs and symptoms of the condition?
Symptoms of tendinitis include stiffness or pain around a joint, especially with motion. The pain is sometimes worse at night. There may also be tenderness and swelling over the length of the tendon. Occasionally, the tendon can be felt rubbing as it glides back and forth.
What are the causes and risks of the condition?
Tendinitis is caused by overuse, injury, or aging. It can be associated with inflammatory diseases that occur throughout the body, such as Rheumatoid arthritis. Rarely it is caused by an infection such as gonorrhea.
What can be done to prevent the condition?
Excessive repetitive motions should be avoided to prevent tendinitis.
How is the condition diagnosed?
Tendinitis is usually suspected after observing the signs and symptoms. An X-ray is not often helpful. Although rarely necessary, a special X-ray test known as MRI or magnetic resonance imaging, can reveal any weakening of the tendon or changes in the tendon sheath or covering.
What are the long-term effects of the condition?
Tendinitis may become chronic or long-term, and may lead to rupture of the tendon.
What are the risks to others?
There are no risks to others.
What are the treatments for the condition?
RICE (Rest, Ice, Immobilization, and Elevation) is the appropriate treatment for tendinitis. Temporary use of a splint can help rest the tendon.
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen and naproxen, can also be taken to reduce inflammation, swelling, and discomfort. Occasionally, it is beneficial to inject a corticosteroid, such as triamcinolone, into the tendon sheath.
Physical Therapy may also help and includes massage, ultrasound, and stretching and strengthening exercises. It is important to stretch before and after activity.
Although rarely necessary, surgery can be useful. It can clean out the inflammatory tissue from the tendon sheath or relieve pressure on the tendon by removing bone.
What are the side effects of the treatments?
NSAIDs may cause indigestion, ulcers, or bleeding. They may also affect the kidneys or liver. Surgery and medication injection carry a risk of bleeding and infection.
What happens after treatment for the condition?
With a return to activity, tendinitis can recur. Prolonged tendinitis in certain areas of the body can lead to rupture of the tendon.
How is the condition monitored?
Pain and swelling should be monitored and reported to the healthcare provider.
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Naproxen
Brand name(s): Aleve; Anaprox; Naprelan; Naprosyn
Why is this medication prescribed?
Naproxen is used to relieve the pain, tenderness, inflammation (swelling), and stiffness caused by gout, arthritis, and other inflammatory conditions. It also is used to relieve other pain, including muscle and menstrual pain and pain after surgery, dental work, or childbirth.
This medication is sometimes prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
How should this medicine be used?
Naproxen comes as a regular tablet, an extended-release tablet, and a liquid to take by mouth. It usually is taken twice a day for arthritis, every 8 hours for gout, and once a day (extended-release tablets) or every 6-8 hours (regular tablets) as needed for pain. Follow the directions on the package or prescription label carefully, and ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand. Take naproxen exactly as directed. Do not take more or less of it or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.
Liquid naproxen should be shaken well before each use to mix the medication evenly.
If you obtained naproxen without a prescription, do not take it for more than 3 days for fever or 10 days for pain without talking to a doctor.
What special precautions should I follow?
Before taking naproxen,
- tell your doctor and pharmacist if you are allergic to naproxen, aspirin or other medications for pain or arthritis, or any other drugs.
- tell your doctor and pharmacist what prescription and nonprescription medications you are taking, especially aspirin, atenolol (Tenormin), carteolol (Cartrol), cyclosporine (Neoral, Sandimmune), diuretics ('water pills'), labetalol (Normodyne, Trandate), lithium (Eskalith, Lithobid), medications for arthritis or diabetes, methotrexate, metoprolol (Lopressor), nadolol (Corgard), phenytoin (Dilantin), probenecid (Benemid), warfarin (Coumadin), and vitamins. Do not take aspirin or acetaminophen when using naproxen unless directed to do so by your doctor.
- tell your doctor if you smoke or drink large amounts of alcohol and if you have or have ever had liver, heart, or kidney disease; high blood pressure; any stomach problems; or any other gastrointestinal disease.
- tell your doctor if you are pregnant, plan to become pregnant, or are breast-feeding. If you become pregnant while taking naproxen, call your doctor.
- if you are having surgery, including dental surgery, tell the doctor or dentist that you are taking naproxen.
- you should know that this drug may make you drowsy. Do not drive a car or operate machinery until you know how this drug affects you.
- remember that alcohol can add to the drowsiness caused by this drug. Do not drink alcohol while taking this medication.
What special dietary instructions should I follow?
Naproxen may cause an upset stomach. Take naproxen with food or milk.
What should I do if I forget a dose?
Take the missed dose as soon as you remember it. However, if it is almost time for the next dose, skip the missed dose and continue your regular dosing schedule. Do not take a double dose to make up for a missed one.
What side effects can this medication cause?
Although side effects from naproxen are not common, they can occur. Tell your doctor if any of these symptoms are severe or do not go away:
- headache
- dizziness
- nervousness
- upset stomach
- stomach pain or cramps
- vomiting
- constipation
- diarrhea
- gas
If you experience any of the following symptoms, call your doctor immediately:
- bloody vomit
- bloody diarrhea or black, tarry stools
- ringing in the ears
- blurred vision
- swelling of hands, feet, ankles, or lower legs
- skin rash
- itching
What storage conditions are needed for this medicine?
Keep this medication in the container it came in, tightly closed, and out of reach of children. Store it at room temperature and away from excess heat and moisture (not in the bathroom). Throw away any medication that is outdated or no longer needed. Talk to your pharmacist about the proper disposal of your medication.
In case of emergency/overdose
In case of overdose, call your local poison control center at 1-800-222-1222. If the victim has collapsed or is not breathing, call local emergency services at 911.
What other information should I know?
Keep all appointments with your doctor and the laboratory. Your doctor will order certain lab tests to check your response to naproxen.
Do not let anyone else take your medication. Ask your pharmacist any questions you have about refilling your prescription
Last edited on Fri Jun 24th, 2005 02:44 am by |
Ravindra
CFR
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Posted: Fri Jun 24th, 2005 02:50 pm |
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Jane
Have you heard of ganglion? Please share some details.
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Jane
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Posted: Fri Jun 24th, 2005 02:55 pm |
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What is a ganglion?
A ganglion is a sac-like swelling or cyst formed from the tissue that lines a joint or tendon. The tissue, called synovium, normally functions to produce lubricating fluid for these areas. A ganglion is a cyst formed by the synovium that is filled with a thick jelly- like fluid. While ganglia can follow local trauma to the tendon or joint, they usually form for unknown reasons. Occasionally, ganglia are early signs of arthritis that will become more obvious in the future.
Where do ganglia form and how do they feel?
Ganglia can form around any joint but they are most frequently found in the wrist and ankles. They are usually painless and often barely visible. They typically do not appear to be inflamed. The largest ganglions form behind the back of the knee. A ganglion here is referred to as a Baker cyst after the doctor who originally described the condition.
How are ganglia treated?
A ganglion can spontaneously rupture and go away. Other treatment options include removal of the ganglion fluid with a needle and syringe (aspiration) with or without an injection of cortisone medication. Occasionally, the entire ganglion is resected with surgery. Persons with a persisting or recurring ganglion should be evaluated for signs of systemic forms of arthritis.
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Jane
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Posted: Fri Jun 24th, 2005 02:56 pm |
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GANGLION SURGERY
Introduction
Ganglions represent 50-70% of all soft tissue lumps in the hand. These cysts contain thick clear fluid and are usually attached to the lining of an underlying joint (capsule) or tendon (sheath). They are most common in women (M:F = 3:1) and 70% occur in the late teens and young adulthood.
The most common sites are (i) the back of the wrist, (ii) the back of the finger-tip (mucous cyst) and (iii) the tendon sheath on the front of the finger.
The cause of ganglions remains unknown. The current theories include (i) trapped fluid, (ii) an out-pouching of joint lining at a point of weakness, (iii) ligament strain with an impaired repair process leading to degeneration. A preceding injury has occurred in 10% and repeated minor trauma has been reported as a causative factor.
The majority can be left alone if they are causing no pain or functional problem, as they are harmless. They can sometimes disappear by themselves. It is only rarely obligatory to treat a ganglion, for example if it is pressing on a nerve.
A number of methods are used for treating ganglions including (i) rupture by pressure or hitting them (not recommended), (ii) aspiration by drawing the fluid off with a needle (high recurrence rate), (iii) injection after aspiration with substances such as steroids (unproven treatment with some side effects on skin) and (iv) surgery.
Surgery involves removal of both the ganglion and the weakened area. The majority can be removed under local anaesthetic. Those on the front of the wrist usually require either a general anaesthetic (asleep) or regional anaesthetic (whole arm numb) because the surgery is more complex.
Post-operative care
The hand will be dressed with a supportive dressing that permits finger movement and light hand use. You will be discharged with specific instructions ("Finger or Hand Surgery") relating to hand exercises and wound care.
You can drive a car after 1 week after surgery, as long as you are comfortable and have regained full finger movements. Timing of your return to work is variable according to your occupation and you should discuss this. Your stitches will be removed about 2 weeks after the operation.
Complications
- Infection Any operation can be followed by infection and this would be treated with antibiotics.
- Scar You will have a scar that will be somewhat firm to touch and tender for 6-8 weeks. This can be helped by massaging the area firmly with the moisturizing cream.
- Stiffness This can occur if the hand is not used and exercised after the operation. About 5% (1 in 20) of people are sensitive to hand surgery and their hand may become swollen, painful and stiff after any operation (algodystrophy). This problem cannot be predicted but will be watched for afterwards and treated with physiotherapy.
- Recurrence Up to 10% (1 in 10) of ganglions return after being removed.
- Nerve Nerve damage can occur during your surgery which results in either a painful spot in the scar (neuroma) or some loss of feeling in the hand. This complication is very rare but may require a further operation to correct.
- Artery Ganglions on the front of the wrist are often very close to major arteries. Damage to the arteries is very rare and can be immediately repaired.
- Nail Ganglions on the tip of the finger often cause a groove in the nail. It usually settles after the operation but occasionally it can persist after or result from the surgery.
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Jane
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Posted: Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:23 pm |
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Respiratory infections include a variety of conditions such as bronchitis, throat and sinus infections , pneumonia, tonsilitis. They can be caused by either bacteria or viruses. Although both can cause infections, bactera are not the same as viruses.
Many different kinds of antibiotics are used to treat infections caused by bacteria. However, infections caused by viruses, such as the common cold and the flu, should NOT be treated with antibiotics because they have NO EFFECT on viruses. Using antibiotics does not affect your natural ability to fight infection.
ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE
A bacterial infection is caused when harmful bacteria begin to multiply rapidly in your body. When antibiotics are used INCORRECTLY or not to often, bacteria may change in a way that takes the antibiotic INEFFECTIVE. These 'antibiotic-resistant" bacteria are becoming more common and are a serious problem worldwide.
HOW TO REDUCE ANTIOBIOTIC RESISTANCE...
To ensure appropriate use of antibiotics and help prevent the spread of resistant bacteria, keep the following in mind.
1. DO NOT expect your doctor to prescribe and antibiotic for every infection.
2. Take the antibiotic EXACTLY as prescribed. take it at the same time each day and at evenly spaced intervals.
3. Do NOT stop taking the antibiotic prescribed for you...even if you are feeling better. It is important to take ALL of your medicine.
4. Different antibiotic work against different bacteria. Do not re-use or share left-over anti-biotics.
5. Review the instructions and the possibilityof side effects for each new prescription with your pharmacist.
6. If you experiece side effects, contact your doctor or pharmacist IMMEDIATELY to discuss what should be done.
7. With some infections, staying home for a few days can help to avoid spreading the germs to others.
8. Wash your hands OFTEN during the day with soap and water to protect yourself from germs that can cause infections, and TEACH children to do the same.
REMEMBER antibiotics are USED to treat BACTERIAL infections...NOT VIRAL infections.
If your doctor says you have a viral infection...ask for ADVICE on how to treat it!
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Jane
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Posted: Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:30 pm |
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What is diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes that is caused by changes in the blood vessels of the eye. The retina is a nerve layer at the back of the eye that senses light and helps send images to your brain, similar to film in a camera.
When blood vessels in the retina are damaged, they may leak fluid or blood, and grow fragile, brush-like branches and scar tissue. This symptom of diabetic retinopathy can blur or distort the images that the retina sends to the brain.
What are the symptoms of diabetic retinopathy?
There are usually no symptoms of background retinopathy, although gradual blurring of vision may occur if macular edema is present. You may never notice changes in your vision, and serious retinopathy can be present without any symptoms. Ophthalmologists recommend that all patients with diabetes undergo regular eye examinations.
How is diabetic retinopathy treated?
Ophthalmologists will consider your age, medical history, lifestyle and how much of your retina is damaged when choosing the best treatment for you. In many cases, treatment is not necessary, but regular eye exams will be needed. In other cases, laser or operative surgery is recommended to stop the damage of diabetic retinopathy. Both laser and operative surgery are highly effective treatments for diabetic retinopathy.
What is my part in treatment?
Early detection of diabetic retinopathy is the best protection against loss of vision. Your attitude and attention to medications and diet are essential.
People with diabetes should schedule examinations with an ophthalmologist at least once a year.
You must maintain blood sugar levels, avoid smoking and watch your blood pressure.
Diabetic retinopathy can improve with treatment
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Jane
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Posted: Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:39 pm |
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Gastroparesis
This tough looking word, pronounced gas-tro-par-EES-is, is simple enough in its meaning. Gastro means stomach. Paresis means weakness. Gastroparesis is a weak stomach. This condition is very common. It can be the cause of a number of abdominal complaints. It is usually not a serious problem and there are effective treatments available.
How the Stomach Works
 To understand gastroparesis, you first must understand how the stomach functions. The stomach has two parts. The upper portion is called the fundus which is where swallowed food and liquid collect. The lower portion is called the antrum. This is the stomach grinder. It is where food is churned back and forth until it is broken into small fragments and then squirted out into the duodenum, the first part of the small intestine.
It may be a surprise to think of the stomach as being similar to the heart, yet this is really true. Both have an area within them called the pacemaker. This is where an electrical wave originates and then sweeps across the organ. The electrical wave causes the muscles in the heart and stomach to contract. In the stomach, the pacemaker is in the upper portion. The wave sweeps down across the antrum causing it to contract, grind up food, and expel small amounts into the duodenum, the first part of the small bowel. The normal rate of contraction is about three times a minute, much slower than the heart, but quite adequate for the job.
Diabetes is the most common known cause. Adrenal and thyroid gland problems can also be a cause although these are infrequent
Scars and fibrous tissue from ulcers and tumors can block the outlet of the stomach and mimic gastroparesis
Certain drugs weaken the stomach (tricyclic antidepressants such as Elavil, calcium blockers such as Cardizem and Procardia, L-dopa, hyoscyamine, Bentyl, Levsin, narcotics)
Previous stomach surgery
Anorexia and bulimia
Neurologic or brain disorders such as Parkinson's disease, strokes and brain injury
Certain diseases such as lupus erythematosus and scleroderma
In up to 40% of cases the cause of gastroparesis is not known [/list] It should be noted that not all of these disorders affect the pacemaker of the stomach. Some disorders weaken the stomach muscle itself so it can't respond to the pacemaker. In either case, the result is the same, gastroparesis.
Symptoms
The usual symptoms of gastroparesis are a feeling of fullness after only a few bites of food, bloating, excessive belching, and nausea. At times there will be a vague, nagging ache in the upper abdomen but usually the pain is not sharp or crampy as might occur with ulcers or a gallbladder attack. There may be vomiting, heartburn, or regurgitation of stomach fluid into the mouth. Medications that reduce or eliminate stomach acid usually don't help much.
Diagnosis
The diagnosis of gastroparesis starts with the medical history where the physician may suspect the diagnosis based on the symptoms. In severe cases, the physical exam and blood tests may show evidence of malnutrition, but usually the exam is normal.
An upper GI barium x-ray measures how liquid barium leaves the stomach. Often this exam is normal.
Upper endoscopy is a visual exam of the stomach using a lighted flexible tube. Mild sedation is usually given for this procedure. This exam should always be done to be certain there is not a blockage in the stomach.
A gastric or stomach emptying test is presently the best method of making the diagnosis. In this test, a food, such as scrambled eggs, is labeled with a marker which can be seen by a scanner. Following ingestion, the scanner tracks the time it takes for the food to leave the stomach. In general, half the stomach contents should leave within about 90 minutes.
A final test, which is not available everywhere, is the electrogastrogram (EGG). This test, like the EKG on the heart, measures the electrical waves that normally sweep over the stomach and precede each contraction.
Treatment
First, if there is an underlying disorder, it needs to be treated effectively. Examples are good blood sugar control in the diabetic patient or thyroid medicine for someone with an underactive thyroid.
Second, there may be a need to address diet and nutrition. When gastroparesis is mild, there are usually few food problems. However, if there is marked delay in stomach emptying, then attention to the diet is necessary. Fats, including vegetable oils, normally cause delay in emptying of the stomach, so foods that are high in fat need to be avoided. High fiber foods such as broccoli and cabbage tend to stay in the stomach, so these foods should be restricted when symptoms are severe. Liquids always leave the stomach faster than solid food so liquid type foods such as low-fat milkshakes should be used. Finally, frequent small feedings, 4-6 times a day, are usually more effective than larger meals, 2 or 3 times a day. A registered dietitian can be very helpful in providing advice in severe cases.
The third treatment is medications.
Medications
Several medications are now available to stimulate the stomach to contract more normally. These drugs should be taken 20-40 minutes before eating to allow enough time for the drug to get into the blood stream where they can then act on the stomach. They all cause the stomach to contract more often and, hopefully, more vigorously thereby emptying the stomach and reducing symptoms.
Metoclopramide (trade name: Reglan) This is an effective drug although it may have side effects such as restlessness, fatigue, agitation and depression. The dose is 5-20 mg. This drug is available in generic form.
Domperidome (trade name: Motilin) This drug is available in Canada and Europe but not in the U.S. as of January 2001.
Bethanechol (trade name: Urecholine) and erythromycin, an old antibiotic are occasionally used but generally are not effective or even desirable long-term.
Summary
Gastroparesis is a fairly frequent medical problem. While causing distressing symptoms in some patients, it rarely causes serious medical problems. The diagnosis is now straightforward. Treatment consists of treating any underlying problem, diet and medications. By working with the physician, most patients are able to reach a satisfactory treatment program.
Last edited on Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:42 pm by |
Jane
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Posted: Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:51 pm |
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Top 10 Ways to Lower Your Risk of Diabetic Complications
Diabetes is a chronic and systemic disease that can trigger life-changing complications in virtually every system of the body. The prospect of blindness, amputation, stroke, and kidney failure is a real and frightening one. But diabetic complications are far from inevitable; with good self-care and preventative strategies, you can come out on top. Here's how:
1) Lower Your A1c
The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial found that for every 1 point you reduce your A1c, or three month blood glucose average, you lower your risk of microvascular complications 37 percent. The study also found that keeping blood sugar levels as close to normal as possible slowed the progression of diabetic eye, kidney, and nerve diseases. Regular home monitoring of your blood glucose levels can help you determine if your treatment efforts are paying off.
2) Take Care of Your Feet
Peripheral neuropathy (nerve damage) of the feet, foot ulcers, and Charcot foot are just a few of the potential diabetic complications that can impact your feet. Treat your tootsies well with good preventative foot care, appropriate foot protection, and regular foot exams to help stop trouble before it starts.
3) Quit Smoking
Over 18 percent of people with diabetes continue to smoke despite the known health dangers. Smoking increases insulin resistance, raises blood glucose levels, and drastically increases your already-elevated risk of cardiovascular complications. Quitting today is probably the best thing you could ever do for your health.
4) Exercise Daily
If you don't make physical activity a regular part of your daily routine, start now. Exercise has a natural blood glucose lowering effect, and it's absolutely essential to your physical and psychological well-being. Just 30 minutes of daily exercise on most days of the week can help slow the progression of type 2 diabetes and protect against heart disease. It's just as important for individuals with type 1 diabetes in helping to maintain good cardiovascular health.
5) Eat Right
As you already know, food has a tremendous impact on your diabetes control. Even if you're taking insulin or oral medication, eating healthy, balanced, nutrient-rich meals is essential. People with diabetes should keep an eye not just on carbohydrates, but also on saturated fat, cholesterol, and sodium levels to keep blood pressure under control and stay heart healthy.
6) Stay On Schedule
Keep your diabetes care appointments, and see the other members of your health care team as recommended. You should have a dilated eye exam annually (more often if you have diagnosed eye problems), see your dentist every six months for a cleaning and oral health check, and an annual trip to the podiatrist.
7) Get Your Shots
An annual flu shot and a pneumonia immunization (once, with a five-year booster) are important to staying well and reducing your risk of a life-threatening episode of hyperglycemia. A tetanus booster is also recommended every ten years. Talk to your doctor about other vaccinations.
8) Manage Your Mood
Your psychological health and emotional well-being can have a significant impact on your physical health. Diabetes is a stressful disease, and stress raises blood glucose levels. Also common among people with diabetes is depression; people who are depressed often neglect self-care, which can worsen diabetes control and deepen the depression.
9) Take Medications as Directed
When it comes to insulin and oral medications, follow your doctor's instructions. If the side-effects are too much or if your blood glucose levels are running consistently too high or too low, don't just discontinue the drugs on your own - call your doctor for a consult. A simple dosage adjustment or a prescription change may be in order.
10) Get An Education
Remember that you're in charge of your own healthcare, and your diabetes care provider is a partner, not a dictator or a magician. An educated patient is an empowered patient, so learn all you can about diabetes treatment; pay attention to how food, exercise, and lifestyle choices impact your glucose levels; and stay focused on the goal of controlling your diabetes instead of letting it control you.
Last edited on Sat Jun 25th, 2005 07:53 pm by |
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